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+
Nginx地址重写
+
+作者:行癫(盗版必究)
+
+------
+
+## 一:地址重写
+
+#### 1.rewrite简介
+
+ Rewrite对称URL Rewrite,即URL重写,就是把传入Web的请求重定向到其他URL的过程
+
+ URL Rewrite最常见的应用是URL伪静态化,是将动态页面显示为静态页面方式的一种技术
+
+ 从安全角度上讲,如果在URL中暴露太多的参数,无疑会造成一定量的信息泄漏,所以静态化的URL地址具有更高的安全性
+
+ 实现网站地址跳转,例如用户访问360buy.com,将其跳转到jd.com;当用户访问xingdian.com的80端口时,将其跳转到443端口
+
+#### 2.rewrite指令
+
+ Nginx Rewrite 相关指令有 if、rewrite、set、return
+
+## 二:if语句
+
+#### 1.应用环境
+
+ server,location
+
+#### 2.使用语法
+
+```shell
+if (condition) { … }
+```
+
+#### 3.判断符号
+
+```shell
+~ 正则匹配 (区分大小写)
+~* 正则匹配 (不区分大小写)
+!~ 正则不匹配 (区分大小写)
+!~* 正则不匹配 (不区分大小写)
+-f 和!-f 用来判断是否存在文件
+-d 和!-d 用来判断是否存在目录
+-e 和!-e 用来判断是否存在文件或目录
+-x 和!-x 用来判断文件是否可执行
+```
+
+#### 4.全局变量
+
+ 在匹配过程中可以引用一些Nginx的全局变量
+
+```shell
+$args 请求中的参数;
+$document_root 针对当前请求的根路径设置值;
+$host 请求信息中的"Host",如果请求中没有Host行,则等于设置的服务器名; http://www.qf.com
+$limit_rate 对连接速率的限制;
+$request_method 请求的方法,比如"GET"、"POST"等;
+$remote_addr 客户端地址;
+$remote_port 客户端端口号;
+$remote_user 客户端用户名,认证用;
+$request_filename 当前请求的文件路径名(带网站的主目录/usr/local/nginx/html/images /a.jpg)
+$request_uri 当前请求的文件路径名(不带网站的主目录/images/a.jpg)
+$query_string 与$args相同;
+$scheme 用的协议,比如http或者是https
+$server_protocol 请求的协议版本,"HTTP/1.0"或"HTTP/1.1";
+$server_addr 服务器地址,如果没有用listen指明服务器地址,使用这个变量将发起一次系统调用以取得地址(造成资源浪费);
+$server_name 请求到达的服务器名;
+$document_uri 与$uri一样,URI地址;
+$server_port 请求到达的服务器端口号;
+```
+
+#### 5.使用案例
+
+ 匹配访问的url地址是否是个目录
+
+```shell
+if (-d $request_filename) { 当前请求的文件路径名
+…;
+}
+```
+
+ 匹配访问的地址是否以www开头
+
+```shell
+if ( $host ~* ^www) {
+…;
+}
+```
+
+## 三:rewrite语句
+
+#### 1.使用简介
+
+ rewrite 指令根据表达式来重定向URI,或者修改字符串。可以应用于server,location, if环境下每行rewrite指令最后跟一个flag标记
+
+#### 2.标记
+
+```shell
+last 相当于Apache里的[L]标记,表示完成rewrite。默认为last
+break 本条规则匹配完成后,终止匹配,不再匹配后面的规则
+redirect 返回302临时重定向,浏览器地址会显示跳转后的URL地址
+permanent 返回301永久重定向,浏览器地址会显示跳转后URL地址
+```
+
+#### 3.使用案例
+
+ http://www.testpm.com/a/1.html ==> http://www.testpm.com/b/2.html
+
+```shell
+ location /a {
+ root /html;
+ index 1.html index.htm;
+ rewrite .* /b/2.html permanent;
+ }
+ location /b {
+ root /html;
+ index 2.html index.htm;
+ }
+```
+
+ http://www.testpm.com/2019/a/1.html ==> http://www.testpm.com/2018/a/1.html
+
+```shell
+ location /2019/a {
+ root /var/www/html;
+ index 1.html index.hml;
+ rewrite ^/2019/(.*)$ /2018/$1 permanent;
+ }
+ location /2018/a {
+ root /var/www/html;
+ index 1.html index.htl;
+ }
+```
+
+ 准备工作
+
+![image-20230506222159398](https://xingdian-image.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/xingdian-image/image-20230506222159398.png)
+
+ http://www.qf.com/a/1.html ==> http://jd.com
+
+```shell
+location /a {
+ root /html;
+ if ($host ~* qf.com ) {
+ rewrite .* http://jd.com permanent;
+ }
+ }
+```
+
+ http://www.qf.com/a/1.html ==> http://jd.com/a/1.html
+
+```shell
+location /a {
+ root /html;
+ if ( $host ~* qf.com ){
+ rewrite .* http://jd.com$request_uri permanent;
+ }
+ }
+```
+
+ 在访问目录后添加/ (如果目录后已有/,则不加/)
+
+```shell
+# http://www.tianyun.com/a/b/c
+# $1: /a/b
+# $2: c
+# http://$host$1$2/
+location /a/b/c {
+ root /usr/share/nginx/html;
+ index index.html index.hml;
+ if (-d $request_filename) {
+ rewrite ^(.*)([^/])$ http://$host$1$2/ permanent;
+ }
+ }
+```
+
+ http://www.tianyun.com/login/tianyun.html ==> http://www.tianyun.com/reg/login.html?user=tianyun
+
+```shell
+ location /login {
+ root /usr/share/nginx/html;
+ rewrite ^/login/(.*)\.html$ http://$host/reg/login.html?user=$1;
+ }
+ location /reg {
+ root /usr/share/nginx/html;
+ index login.html;
+
+ }
+```
+
+ http://www.tianyun.com/qf/11-22-33/1.html ==> http://www.tianyun.com/qf/11/22/33/1.html
+
+```shell
+location /qf {
+ rewrite ^/qf/([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)(.*)$ /qf/$1/$2/$3$4 permanent;
+ }
+
+ location /qf/11/22/33 {
+ root /html;
+ index 1.html;
+ }
+```
+
+## 四:set指令
+
+#### 1.简介
+
+ set 指令是用于定义一个变量,并且赋值
+
+#### 2.应用环境
+
+ server,location,if
+
+#### 3.应用案例
+
+ http://alice.testpm.com ==> http://www.testpm.com/alice
+
+ http://jack.testpm.com ==> http://www.testpm.com/jack
+
+准备工作:
+
+```shell
+[root@nginx-server conf.d]# cd /usr/share/nginx/html/
+[root@nginx-server html]# mkdir jack alice
+[root@nginx-server html]# echo "jack.." >> jack/index.html
+[root@nginx-server html]# echo "alice.." >> alice/index.html
+
+本地解析域名host文件
+10.0.105.202 www.testpm.com
+10.0.105.202 alice.testpm.com
+10.0.105.202 jack.testpm.com
+```
+
+配置文件:
+
+```shell
+server {
+ listen 80;
+ server_name www.testpm.com;
+
+ location / {
+ root /usr/share/nginx/html;
+ index index.html index.htm;
+ if ( $host ~* www.testpm.com) {
+ break;
+ }
+ if ( $host ~* "^(.*)\.testpm\.com$" ) {
+ set $user $1;
+ rewrite .* http://www.testpm.com/$user permanent;
+ }
+ }
+ location /jack {
+ root /usr/share/nginx/html;
+ index index.html index.hml;
+ }
+ location /alice {
+ root /usr/share/nginx/html;
+ index index.html index.hml;
+ }
+}
+```
+
+## 五:return指令
+
+#### 1.简介
+
+ return指令用于返回状态码给客户端
+
+#### 2.应用环境
+
+ server,location,if
+
+#### 3.应用案例
+
+ 如果访问的.sh结尾的文件则返回403操作拒绝错误
+
+```shell
+server {
+ listen 80;
+ server_name www.testpm.cn;
+ #access_log /var/log/nginx/http_access.log main;
+
+ location / {
+ root /usr/share/nginx/html;
+ index index.html index.htm;
+ }
+
+ location ~* \.sh$ {
+ return 403;
+ }
+}
+```
+
+ 80 ======> 443 :80转443端口
+
+```shell
+server {
+ listen 80;
+ server_name www.testpm.cn;
+ access_log /var/log/nginx/http_access.log main;
+ return 301 https://www.testpm.cn$request_uri;
+}
+
+server {
+ listen 443 ssl;
+ server_name www.testpm.cn;
+ access_log /var/log/nginx/https_access.log main;
+
+ #ssl on;
+ ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/cert/2447549_www.testpm.cn.pem;
+ ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/cert/2447549_www.testpm.cn.key;
+ ssl_session_timeout 5m;
+ ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
+ ssl_ciphers ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP;
+ ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
+
+ location / {
+ root /usr/share/nginx/html;
+ index index.html index.htm;
+ }
+}
+```
+
+## 六:break和last
+
+#### 1.使用案例
+
+```shell
+[root@localhost test]# cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/last_break.conf
+server {
+ listen 80;
+ server_name localhost;
+ access_log /var/log/nginx/last.access.log main;
+
+ location / {
+ root /usr/share/nginx/html;
+ index index.html index.htm;
+ }
+ location /break/ {
+ root /usr/share/nginx/html;
+ rewrite .* /test/break.html break;
+ }
+ location /last/ {
+ root /usr/share/nginx/html;
+ rewrite .* /test/last.html last;
+ }
+ location /test/ {
+ root /usr/share/nginx/html;
+ rewrite .* /test/test.html break;
+ }
+
+}
+[root@localhost conf.d]# cd /usr/share/nginx/html/
+[root@localhost html]# mkdir test
+[root@localhost html]# echo "last" > test/last.html
+[root@localhost html]# echo "break" > test/break.html
+[root@localhost html]# echo "test" > test/test.html
+
+http://10.0.105.196/break/break.html
+http://10.0.105.196/last/last.html
+```
+
+#### 2.案例总结
+
+ last 标记在本条 rewrite 规则执行完后,会对其所在的 server { … } 标签重新发起请求
+
+ break 标记则在本条规则匹配完成后,停止匹配,不再做后续的匹配
+
+ 使用 alias 指令时,必须使用 last
+
+ 使用 proxy_pass 指令时,则必须使用break
+
+## 七:https案例
+
+ 使用rewrite的方式进行http转https
+
+```shell
+server {
+ listen 80;
+ server_name *.vip9999.top vip9999.top;
+
+ if ($host ~* "^www.vip9999.top$|^vip9999.top$" ) {
+ return 301 https://www.vip9999.top$request_uri;
+ }
+
+ if ($host ~* "^(.*).vip9999.top$" ) {
+ set $user $1;
+ return 301 https://www.vip9999.top/$user;
+ }
+
+ }
+
+ # Settings for a TLS enabled server.
+ server {
+ listen 443 ssl;
+ server_name www.vip9999.top;
+
+ location / {
+ root /usr/share/nginx/html;
+ index index.php index.html;
+ }
+
+ #pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
+ location ~ \.php$ {
+ root /usr/share/nginx/html;
+ fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
+ fastcgi_index index.php;
+ fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
+ include fastcgi_params;
+ }
+ ssl on;
+ ssl_certificate cert/214025315060640.pem;
+ ssl_certificate_key cert/214025315060640.key;
+ ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
+ ssl_session_timeout 10m;
+ ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
+ ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
+ }
+```
+