nginx/第五章:Nginx地址重写.md

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2024-06-01 10:14:36 +08:00
<h1><center>Nginx地址重写</center></h1>
作者:行癫(盗版必究)
------
## 一:地址重写
#### 1.rewrite简介
Rewrite对称URL Rewrite即URL重写就是把传入Web的请求重定向到其他URL的过程
URL Rewrite最常见的应用是URL伪静态化是将动态页面显示为静态页面方式的一种技术
从安全角度上讲如果在URL中暴露太多的参数无疑会造成一定量的信息泄漏所以静态化的URL地址具有更高的安全性
实现网站地址跳转例如用户访问360buy.com将其跳转到jd.com当用户访问xingdian.com的80端口时将其跳转到443端口
#### 2.rewrite指令
Nginx Rewrite 相关指令有 if、rewrite、set、return
## 二if语句
#### 1.应用环境
serverlocation
#### 2.使用语法
```shell
if (condition) { … }
```
#### 3.判断符号
```shell
~ 正则匹配 (区分大小写)
~* 正则匹配 (不区分大小写)
!~ 正则不匹配 (区分大小写)
!~* 正则不匹配 (不区分大小写)
-f 和!-f 用来判断是否存在文件
-d 和!-d 用来判断是否存在目录
-e 和!-e 用来判断是否存在文件或目录
-x 和!-x 用来判断文件是否可执行
```
#### 4.全局变量
在匹配过程中可以引用一些Nginx的全局变量
```shell
$args 请求中的参数;
$document_root 针对当前请求的根路径设置值;
$host 请求信息中的"Host"如果请求中没有Host行则等于设置的服务器名; http://www.qf.com
$limit_rate 对连接速率的限制;
$request_method 请求的方法,比如"GET"、"POST"等;
$remote_addr 客户端地址;
$remote_port 客户端端口号;
$remote_user 客户端用户名,认证用;
$request_filename 当前请求的文件路径名(带网站的主目录/usr/local/nginx/html/images /a.jpg
$request_uri 当前请求的文件路径名(不带网站的主目录/images/a.jpg
$query_string 与$args相同;
$scheme 用的协议比如http或者是https
$server_protocol 请求的协议版本,"HTTP/1.0"或"HTTP/1.1";
$server_addr 服务器地址如果没有用listen指明服务器地址使用这个变量将发起一次系统调用以取得地址(造成资源浪费);
$server_name 请求到达的服务器名;
$document_uri 与$uri一样URI地址;
$server_port 请求到达的服务器端口号;
```
#### 5.使用案例
匹配访问的url地址是否是个目录
```shell
if (-d $request_filename) { 当前请求的文件路径名
…;
}
```
匹配访问的地址是否以www开头
```shell
if ( $host ~* ^www) {
…;
}
```
## 三rewrite语句
#### 1.使用简介
rewrite 指令根据表达式来重定向URI或者修改字符串。可以应用于server,location, if环境下每行rewrite指令最后跟一个flag标记
#### 2.标记
```shell
last 相当于Apache里的[L]标记表示完成rewrite。默认为last
break 本条规则匹配完成后,终止匹配,不再匹配后面的规则
redirect 返回302临时重定向浏览器地址会显示跳转后的URL地址
permanent 返回301永久重定向浏览器地址会显示跳转后URL地址
```
#### 3.使用案例
http://www.testpm.com/a/1.html ==> http://www.testpm.com/b/2.html
```shell
location /a {
root /html;
index 1.html index.htm;
rewrite .* /b/2.html permanent;
}
location /b {
root /html;
index 2.html index.htm;
}
```
http://www.testpm.com/2019/a/1.html ==> http://www.testpm.com/2018/a/1.html
```shell
location /2019/a {
root /var/www/html;
index 1.html index.hml;
rewrite ^/2019/(.*)$ /2018/$1 permanent;
}
location /2018/a {
root /var/www/html;
index 1.html index.htl;
}
```
准备工作
![image-20230506222159398](https://xingdian-image.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/xingdian-image/image-20230506222159398.png)
http://www.qf.com/a/1.html ==> http://jd.com
```shell
location /a {
root /html;
if ($host ~* qf.com ) {
rewrite .* http://jd.com permanent;
}
}
```
http://www.qf.com/a/1.html ==> http://jd.com/a/1.html
```shell
location /a {
root /html;
if ( $host ~* qf.com ){
rewrite .* http://jd.com$request_uri permanent;
}
}
```
在访问目录后添加/ (如果目录后已有/,则不加/)
```shell
# http://www.tianyun.com/a/b/c
# $1: /a/b
# $2: c
# http://$host$1$2/
location /a/b/c {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html index.hml;
if (-d $request_filename) {
rewrite ^(.*)([^/])$ http://$host$1$2/ permanent;
}
}
```
http://www.tianyun.com/login/tianyun.html ==> http://www.tianyun.com/reg/login.html?user=tianyun
```shell
location /login {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
rewrite ^/login/(.*)\.html$ http://$host/reg/login.html?user=$1;
}
location /reg {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index login.html;
}
```
http://www.tianyun.com/qf/11-22-33/1.html ==> http://www.tianyun.com/qf/11/22/33/1.html
```shell
location /qf {
rewrite ^/qf/([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)(.*)$ /qf/$1/$2/$3$4 permanent;
}
location /qf/11/22/33 {
root /html;
index 1.html;
}
```
## 四set指令
#### 1.简介
set 指令是用于定义一个变量,并且赋值
#### 2.应用环境
server,location,if
#### 3.应用案例
http://alice.testpm.com ==> http://www.testpm.com/alice
http://jack.testpm.com ==> http://www.testpm.com/jack
准备工作:
```shell
[root@nginx-server conf.d]# cd /usr/share/nginx/html/
[root@nginx-server html]# mkdir jack alice
[root@nginx-server html]# echo "jack.." >> jack/index.html
[root@nginx-server html]# echo "alice.." >> alice/index.html
本地解析域名host文件
10.0.105.202 www.testpm.com
10.0.105.202 alice.testpm.com
10.0.105.202 jack.testpm.com
```
配置文件:
```shell
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.testpm.com;
location / {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html index.htm;
if ( $host ~* www.testpm.com) {
break;
}
if ( $host ~* "^(.*)\.testpm\.com$" ) {
set $user $1;
rewrite .* http://www.testpm.com/$user permanent;
}
}
location /jack {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html index.hml;
}
location /alice {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html index.hml;
}
}
```
## 五return指令
#### 1.简介
return指令用于返回状态码给客户端
#### 2.应用环境
server,location,if
#### 3.应用案例
如果访问的.sh结尾的文件则返回403操作拒绝错误
```shell
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.testpm.cn;
#access_log /var/log/nginx/http_access.log main;
location / {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
location ~* \.sh$ {
return 403;
}
}
```
80 ======> 443 80转443端口
```shell
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.testpm.cn;
access_log /var/log/nginx/http_access.log main;
return 301 https://www.testpm.cn$request_uri;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name www.testpm.cn;
access_log /var/log/nginx/https_access.log main;
#ssl on;
ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/cert/2447549_www.testpm.cn.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/cert/2447549_www.testpm.cn.key;
ssl_session_timeout 5m;
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
ssl_ciphers ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
location / {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
```
## 六break和last
#### 1.使用案例
```shell
[root@localhost test]# cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/last_break.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
access_log /var/log/nginx/last.access.log main;
location / {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
location /break/ {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
rewrite .* /test/break.html break;
}
location /last/ {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
rewrite .* /test/last.html last;
}
location /test/ {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
rewrite .* /test/test.html break;
}
}
[root@localhost conf.d]# cd /usr/share/nginx/html/
[root@localhost html]# mkdir test
[root@localhost html]# echo "last" > test/last.html
[root@localhost html]# echo "break" > test/break.html
[root@localhost html]# echo "test" > test/test.html
http://10.0.105.196/break/break.html
http://10.0.105.196/last/last.html
```
#### 2.案例总结
last 标记在本条 rewrite 规则执行完后,会对其所在的 server { … } 标签重新发起请求
break 标记则在本条规则匹配完成后,停止匹配,不再做后续的匹配
使用 alias 指令时,必须使用 last
使用 proxy_pass 指令时,则必须使用break
## 七https案例
使用rewrite的方式进行http转https
```shell
server {
listen 80;
server_name *.vip9999.top vip9999.top;
if ($host ~* "^www.vip9999.top$|^vip9999.top$" ) {
return 301 https://www.vip9999.top$request_uri;
}
if ($host ~* "^(.*).vip9999.top$" ) {
set $user $1;
return 301 https://www.vip9999.top/$user;
}
}
# Settings for a TLS enabled server.
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name www.vip9999.top;
location / {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.php index.html;
}
#pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
location ~ \.php$ {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
include fastcgi_params;
}
ssl on;
ssl_certificate cert/214025315060640.pem;
ssl_certificate_key cert/214025315060640.key;
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
ssl_session_timeout 10m;
ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
}
```